A neglected normal anatomical structure in mammal: a study in bats and tree shrews / Una estructura anatómica normal desatendida en mamíferos: un estudio en murciélagos y musarañas arborícolas

SUMMARY: The myodural bridge is a dense connective tissue connecting muscles and ligaments to the spinal dura mater in the atlanto-occipital interspace. Some researchers believe that the myodural bridge may play a vital physiological role. It is possible, for instance, that the prevention of spinal dura mater infoldings might be involved in regulated cerebrospinal fluid circulation. For instance, it is possible to prevent spinal dura mater infoldings, regulating cerebrospinal circulation. Bats are nocturnal and the only mammals that can perform a genuine and sustained flight, whereas tree shrews are arboreal mammals that often climb to a high altitude of about 10,000 feet. Both animals have lifestyles that are different from other previously studied mammals. The study of these two animals will shed further light on the existence of the myodural bridge in mammals. Gross anatomical dissection was used to observe the connections between the deep muscles of the neck and the dura mater at the level of the atlanto-occipital interspace. The existing structures were analyzed using conventional and special histological staining techniques. The suboccipital regions in bats and tree shrews contained the rectus capitis dorsal major (RCDma), rectus capitis dorsal minor (RCDmi), oblique capitis anterior (OCA), and oblique capitis posterior (OCP). Dense connective tissue connects the RCDmi to the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane (PAOM) and the latter to the spinal dura mater. The myodural bridge in these mammals shares a similar structure to the myodural bridge in humans. Histological analyses confirmed that the connective fibers of the myodural bridge were primarily type I collagen fibers. In this study, it is supplemented by the existence of the myodural bridge in mammals. This further demonstrates that myodural bridge widely exists in the normal anatomy of mammals. This provides morphological support for a comparative anatomical study of the physiological function of the myodural bridge.

El puente miodural es un tejido conjuntivo denso que conecta los músculos y los ligamentos a la duramadre espinal en el espacio atlanto-occipital. Algunos investigadores creen que el puente miodural puede desempeñar un papel fisiológico vital. Es posible, por ejemplo, que la prevención de los pliegues de la duramadre espinal pueda estar involucrada en la circulación regulada del líquido cefalorraquídeo. En esta instancia, es posible prevenir los pliegues de la duramadre espinal, regulando la circulación cerebro espinal. Los murciélagos son animales nocturnos y los únicos mamíferos que pueden realizar un vuelo real y sostenido, mientras que las musarañas arborícolas son mamíferos arbóreos que a menudo ascienden a una gran altura de unos 10 000 pies. Ambos animales tienen estilos de vida diferentes a los de otros mamíferos previamente estudiados. El estudio de estos dos animales ofrecerá más información sobre la existencia del puente miodural en los mamíferos. Se realizó una disección anatómica macroscópica para observar las conexiones entre los músculos profundos del cuello y la duramadre a nivel del espacio atlanto-occipital. Las estructuras existentes se analizaron mediante técnicas de tinción histológica convencionales y especiales. Las regiones suboccipitales en murciélagos y musarañas arbóreas presentaban el músculo recto dorsal mayor de la cabeza (RCDma), el recto dorsal menor de la cabeza (RCDmi), el oblicuo anterior de la cabeza (OCA) y el oblicuo posterior de la cabeza (OCP). El tejido conjuntivo denso conecta el RCDmi con la membrana atlanto- occipital posterior (PAOM) y esta última con la duramadre espinal. El puente miodural en estos mamíferos comparte una estructura similar al puente miodural en humanos. Los análisis histológicos confirmaron que las fibras conectivas del puente miodural son principalmente fibras de colágeno tipo I. Esto demuestra además que el puente miodural existe ampliamente en la anatomía normal de los mamíferos. Esta investigación proporciona apoyo morfológico para un estudio anatómico comparativo de la función fisiológica del puente miodural.

Identification of the myodural bridge in a venomous snake, the gloydius shedaoensis: what is the functional significance? / Identificación del puente miodural en una serpiente venenosa, gloydius shedaoensis: ¿cuál es el significado funcional?

SUMMARY: Myodural bridges (MDB) are anatomical connections between the suboccipital muscles and the cervical dura mater which pass through both the atlanto-occipital and the atlanto-axial interspaces in mammals. In our previous studies, we found that the MDB exists in seven terrestrial mammal species, two marine mammal species, two reptilian species, and one bird species. A recent study suggested that given the "ubiquity" of myodural bridges in terrestrial vertebrates, the MDB may also exist in snakes. Specifically, we focused on the Gloydius shedaoensis, a species of Agkistrodon (pit viper snake) that is only found on Shedao Island, which is in the southeastern sea of Dalian City in China. Six head and neck cadaveric specimens of Gloydius shedaoensis were examined. Three specimens were used for anatomical dissection and the remaining three cadaveric specimens were utilized for histological analysis. The present study confirmed the existence of the MDB in the Gloydius shedaoensis. The snake's spinalis muscles originated from the posterior edge of the supraoccipital bones and the dorsal facet of the exocciput, and then extended on both sides of the spinous processes of the spine, merging with the semispinalis muscles. On the ventral aspect of this muscular complex, it gave off fibers of the MDB. These MDB fibers twisted around the posterior margin of the exocciput and then passed through the atlanto-occipital interspace, finally terminating on the dura mater. We observed that the MDB also existed in all of the snakes' intervertebral joints. These same histological findings were also observed in the Gloydius brevicaudus, which was used as a control specimen for the Gloydius shedaoensis. In snakes the spinal canal is longer than that observed in most other animals. Considering the unique locomotive style of snakes, our findings contribute to support the hypothesis that the MDB could modulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsations.

RESUMEN: Los puentes miodurales (MDB) son conexiones anatómicas entre los músculos suboccipitales y la duramadre cervical que pasan a través de los espacios intermedios atlanto-occipital y atlanto-axial en los mamíferos. En nuestros estudios anteriores, encontramos que el MDB existe en siete especies de mamíferos terrestres, dos especies de mamíferos marinos, dos especies de reptiles y una especie de ave. Un estudio reciente sugirió que dada la "ubicuidad" de los puentes miodurales en los vertebrados terrestres, el MDB también puede existir en las serpientes. Específicamente, nos enfocamos en Gloydius shedaoensis, una especie de Agkistrodon (serpiente víbora) que solo se encuentra en la isla Shedao, en el mar sureste de la ciudad de Dalian en China. Se examinaron seis especímenes cadavéricos de cabeza y cuello de Gloydius shedaoensis. Se utilizaron tres especímenes para la disección anatómica y los tres especímenes cadavéricos restantes se utilizaron para el análisis histológico. El presente estudio confirmó la existencia del MDB en Gloydius shedaoensis. Los músculos espinosos de la serpiente se originaron en el margen posterior de los huesos supraoccipital y la cara dorsal del exoccipucio, y luego se extendieron a ambos lados de los procesos espinosas de la columna vertebral, fusionándose con los músculos semiespinosos. En la cara ventral de este complejo muscular se desprendían fibras del MDB. Estas fibras MDB se ubican alrededor del margen posterior del exoccipucio y luego atraviesan el interespacio atlanto-occipital, terminando finalmente en la duramadre. Observamos que el MDB también existía en todas las articulaciones intervertebrales de las serpientes. Estos mismos hallazgos histológicos también se observaron en Gloydius brevicaudus, que se utilizó como muestra de control para Gloydius shedaoensis. En las serpientes, el canal espinal es más largo que el observado en la mayoría de los otros animales. Teniendo en cuenta el estilo único locomotor de las serpientes, nuestros hallazgos contribuyen a respaldar la hipótesis de que el MDB podría modular las pulsaciones del líquido cerebroespinal.

Three-dimensional digitalized and printed tongue models of the cow, dog, pig, and horse for undergraduate veterinary educationh / Modelos tridimensionales digitalizados e impresos de lengua de vaca, perro, cerdo y caballo para la educación veterinaria de pregrado

SUMMARY: This study aimed to construct three-dimensional (3D) anatomical models of the tongue of domestic mammals of veterinary interest. The tongues were obtained from the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Veterinary Macroscopic Anatomy in the Surgery Department of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo. Tongues from a cow, dog, horse, and pig were selected for scanning and creation of the 3D-printed models. The printer used a filamentous thermoplastic material, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), which was deposited together with a support resin. In addition to the printing of models, an interactive 3D PDF was generated, creating a didactic collection for students. The anatomical characteristics and peculiarity of the tongues were easily identified in the scanned and printed images. The 3D scanning and printing offered an innovative method of visualizing different anatomical structures and, together with the existing methods, can optimize anatomy teaching in an educational context.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo construir modelos anatómicos tridimensionales (3D) de la lengua de mamíferos domésticos de interés veterinario. Las lenguas se obtuvieron de la colección didáctica del Laboratorio de Anatomía Macroscópica Veterinaria del Departamento de Cirugía de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad de São Paulo. Se seleccionaron lenguas de vaca, perro, caballo y cerdo para escanear y crear los modelos impresos en 3D. La impresora utilizó un material termoplástico filamentoso, acrilonitrilo-butadieno-estireno (ABS), que se depositó junto con una resina de soporte. Además de la impresión de modelos, se generó un PDF 3D interactivo, creando una colección didáctica para los estudiantes. Las características anatómicas y la peculiaridad de las lenguas se identificaron fácilmente en las imágenes escaneadas e impresas. El escaneo e impresión 3D ofrecieron un método innovador para visualizar diferentes estructuras anatómicas y, junto con los métodos existentes, puede optimizar la enseñanza de la anatomía en un contexto educativo.

Estudo de anatomia comparada suína por angiotomografia: contribuições para modelos de pesquisa e treinamento em cirurgia vascular e endovascular / Comparative angiotomographic study of swine vascular anatomy: contributions to research and training models in vascular and endovascular surgery

Resumo Contexto Modelos com animais de médio e grande porte permitem que pesquisadores avaliem a eficácia e a segurança de procedimentos cardiovasculares em sistemas que se assemelham à anatomia humana e podem ser usados para simular cenários para fins de treinamento. Embora modelos suínos tenham sido extensivamente utilizados, muitos fatores fisiológicos e anatômicos permanecem desconhecidos ou apenas superficialmente descritos. Objetivos Descrever a anatomia vascular do suíno por tomografia computadorizada, compará-la à anatomia humana e discutir a aplicação dos modelos porcinos em procedimentos abertos e endovasculares. Métodos Três porcos machos da raça Landrace foram submetidos a tomografia computadorizada. A anatomia vascular de pescoço, tórax, abdome e membros foi analisada e descrita; foram destacadas similaridades e divergências relevantes entre a anatomia vascular de suínos e de humanos e as implicações em procedimentos vasculares nos suínos. Resultados O território carotídeo, o arco aórtico e os ramos terminais da aorta em suínos apresentaram diferenças marcantes quando comparados aos de humanos. Foram detectadas compressões de veias renal e ilíaca comum, ambas à esquerda, semelhantes às encontradas nas síndromes humanas de Nutcracker e May-Thurner. Medidas vasculares (diâmetro, comprimento e ângulos) de diferentes topografias de suínos foram fornecidas. Conclusões Os dados fornecidos podem ser úteis para o planejamento de ensaios pré-clínicos e pesquisa básica, bem como para o refinamento do treinamento cirúrgico usando modelos suínos no campo da cirurgia vascular.

Abstract Background Medium and large animal models allow researchers to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cardiovascular procedures in systems that resemble human anatomy and can be used to simulate scenarios for training purposes. Although porcine models have been used extensively, many physiological and anatomical features remain unknown or only superficially described. Objectives To describe the normal porcine vascular anatomy on computed tomography scans, compare it to human vascular anatomy, and discuss the application of porcine models for open and endovascular procedures. Methods Three male Landrace pigs underwent computed tomography. The vascular anatomy of the neck, thorax, abdomen, and limbs was analyzed and described; relevant similarities and differences between porcine and human vascular anatomies and the implications for vascular procedures in pigs are highlighted. Results The carotid territory, aortic arch, and terminal aorta branches all show marked differences in pigs compared to their human counterparts. Compressions of both left renal and common iliac veins were detected, analogous to those seen in human Nutcracker and May-Thurner syndromes. Vascular measurements (diameters, lengths, and angles) of several different porcine territories are presented. Conclusions The data presented should be useful for planning preclinical trials and basic research and for refining surgical training using porcine models in vascular fields.

Evaluación anatómica del paladar blando mediante resonancia magnética: Artículo de revisión / Anatomic evaluation of Soft palate using magnetic resonance imaging: Review article

Objetivos: Revisar las publicaciones sobre la anatomía del paladar blando en imágenes de resonancia magnética (RM), para evaluar esta estructura. Contenido: El paladar blando es una estructura anatómica compuesta por músculos con funciones importantes durante la fonación, deglución y la respiración. La resonancia magnética (RM) es una técnica imagenológica que no utiliza radiación ionizante, obteniendo relevancia en los últimos años, por lo que en la actualidad tiene un rol importante en el diagnostico maxilofacial, específicamente en tejidos blandos como el velo del paladar, razón por la cual el odontólogo debe conocer las estructuras y función mediante imágenes de RM. En secuencias rápidas, se pueden evaluar los movimientos del velo del paladar en la deglución y respiración, así como poder observar cambios en las estructuras de la vía aérea superior tal como se da en el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño. Conclusiones: La revisión muestra la importancia de la RM en el estudio de la anatomía del paladar blando; esto debe promover el uso de esta técnica para analizar tejidos blandos. Está demostrado en los diferentes estudios de imágenes por RM que detallan bien estos tejidos en sus diferentes secuencias y tiene como principal ventaja que no utiliza radiación ionizante.

Objectives: This article aims to review the main research about soft palate anatomy and magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate the soft tissues of this structure. Background: Soft palate is an anatomical structure composed of muscles with important functions during phonation, swallowing and breathing. The magnetic resonance is an imaging technique, which does not use ionizing radiation, getting relevance the last few years, so nowadays it plays an important role in maxillofacial diagnosis, especially in soft tissues such as palate veil, a good reason because of dentist specialist must know all about functional magnetic resonance through images in fast sequences where the movements of the veil of the palate in swallowing and breathing can be evaluated, as well as being able to observe changes in the structures of the upper airway as it occurs in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Conclusions: The review shows the importance of MRI in the study of the soft palate anatomy; This should promote the use of this technique to analyze soft tissues, it is demonstrated in the different MR imaging studies that detail these tissues well in their different sequences and its main advantage is that it does not use ionizing radiation.

Conservation of body sections and organs of the narrownose smooth-hound, Mustelus schmitti (Pisces, Chondrichthyes), by silicone injection at room temperature to be used in comparative anatomy learning / Conservación de secciones corporales y órganos de gatuzo, Mustelus schmitti (Pisces, Chondrichthyes), por inyección de silicona a temperatura ambiente para ser utilizados en el aprendizaje de anatomía comparada

Comparative Anatomy deals with the study of the ontogenetic and phylogenetic changes of the vertebrates, requiring complementing the theoretical aspects with the observation of structures in specimens belonging to different taxonomic groups. The aim of the present study was to test the injection of silicone at room temperature in organs and trunk sections of Mustelus schmitti as an alternative to the plastination technique. Samples consisted in brain, eyes, heart, proximal end of the ventral aorta, digestive tract, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, testis and cross body section at a pre-caudal level. Material was fixed with formalin (10-5 %), dehydrated with growing concentrations of isopropyl (30 % - 50 % - 70 % - 90 % - 100 % - 100 %), impregnated with diluted commercial silicone and cured at room temperature. The whole process took 66 days. The brain was the unique organ that could not undergo the complete procedure because it did not resist the injection of silicone. The other pieces resulted in materials that characterised by being off-colour, dry, semi-flexible, lightweight, odourless, and non-toxic. They showed no signs of fungal colonization or bacterial degradation after two years of being obtained. Shrinkage was observed, which ranged among 2-25 % for total length, and from 5-26 % for maximum width (mean values: 14 and 15 %, respectively), being testicle the organ that suffered greater shrinkage in both dimensions. The degree of contraction in length and width for each of the samples was generally similar (difference £ 3 %), indicating that not striking deformation occurred. Deformation was observed only for the trunk section, eye, stomach, pancreas and valvular intestine. The technique did not affect the morphology of the structures, allowing the correct visualization of all the basic features required to recognise them. We conclude that this simple and economic method is an adequate alternative to be implemented for the conservation of small-size materials with educational purposes in Comparative Anatomy courses.

La Anatomía Comparada abarca el estudio de los cambios ontogenéticos y filogenéticos sufridos por los vertebrados, requiriendo complementar los aspectos teóricos conla observación de estructuras en especímenes pertenecientes a los distintos grupos taxonómicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue testear la inyección de silicona a temperatura ambiente en órganos y secciones corporales de Mustelus schmitti como alternativa a la técnica de plastinación. Las estructuras seleccionadas fueron encéfalo, ojos, corazón, extremo proximal de aorta ventral, tracto digestivo, bazo, páncreas, riñón, testículo y sección transversal del cuerpo a nivel pre-caudal. El material se fijó con formaldehído (10-5 %), se deshidrató con concentraciones crecientes de alcohol isopropílico (30 % - 50 % - 70 % - 90 % - 100 % - 100 %), se impregnó con silicona comercial diluida y se curó a temperatura ambiente. El proceso completo duró 66 días. El encéfalo fue el único órgano que no resistió el tratamiento debido a su friabilidad. Las demás piezas dieron como resultado materiales incoloros, secos, semi-flexibles, livianos, inodoros y no-tóxicos. No se evidenciaron síntomas de colonización fúngica ni bacteriana luego de dos años de obtenidos. Se observó contracción del material que osciló entre 2-25 % para la longitud total, y entre 5-26 % para el ancho máximo (promedios: 14 y 15 %, respectivamente), siendo el testículo el órgano que mayor disminución registró en ambas dimensiones. El grado de contracción en longitud y en ancho fue generalmente similar para cada una de las muestras (diferencia £ 3 %), indicando que no ocurrió una deformación notoria. Solo se observó deformación en la sección corporal, ojo, estómago, páncreas e intestino valvular. La técnica no afectó la morfología de las estructuras, permitiendo la correcta visualización de todas las características diagnósticas requeridas para su reconocimiento. Concluimos que este método simple y económico representa una alternativa adecuada para ser implementada en la conservación de materiales de pequeño tamaño con fines educativos en los cursos de Anatomía Comparada.

Descripción anatómica de la miología del miembro pélvico y su relación topográfica con el sistema vascular y nervioso en un ejemplar de pudú ( Pudu puda ) / Anatomical description of pelvic limb myology and its topographic relationship with vascular and nervous systems in pudú ( Pudu puda )

RESUMEN: El pudú (Pudu puda) pertenece a la familia Cervidae y se estima que su población actual total es menor a 10.000 ejemplares, razón por la cual se encuentra en la categoría de "Casi Amenazado" y dentro de la lista roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN). La causa de la reducción de su población, es la pérdida y la fragmentación de los bosques del sur de Chile, caza, depredación, atropellos, entre otros. En las últimas situaciones mencionadas, es frecuente observar lesiones en la zona corporal caudal y miembros pélvicos del animal. Debido a lo anterior, se considera importante generar estudios morfológicos en el pudú que puedan ser un aporte en el conocimiento de ésta especie en particular. El presente trabajo corresponde a un estudio descriptivo anatómico del miembro pélvico de un ejemplar de pudú hembra. Se describió la musculatura y sus principales relaciones con vasos sanguíneos y nervios desde proximal hacia distal, dividiendo al miembro pélvico en cuatro regiones topográficas: cintura pélvica, femoral, crural y del pie. Además, se realizó de forma complementaria un estudio morfométrico de cada región topográfica y cada músculo que la compone. Los resultados fueron comparados con rumiantes domésticos, en relación a lo descrito en la bibliografía anatómica clásica, observando que el ejemplar analizado posee características anatómicas similares a lo descrito para pequeños rumiantes, sin embargo, existen diferencias importantes de tomar en consideración, tales como: el m. de la fascia lata presenta dos porciones sobrepuestas; el m. sóleo presenta un mayor desarrollo; el paquete vasculo nervioso femoral se observa atravesando la porción craneal del m. sartorio y el m. gracilis forma parte del tendón calcáneo común. La información entregada en este estudio corresponde a un aporte anatómico que permite ampliar el conocimiento científico de ésta especie poco estudiada, protegida y vulnerable.

SUMMARY: The Pudu (Pudu puda) belongs to the family Cervidae and it is estimated that its total current population is less than 10,000 specimen, which is why it is part of the "Near Threatened" category and on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The cause of the reduction of its population is the loss and the fragmentation of the forests of the south of Chile, hunting, predation, crashes, among others. In the latter situations, it is common to observe injuries in the caudal area and pelvic limbs of the animal. Due to the above, it is considered important to generate morphological studies in the Pudú that can be a contribution in the knowledge of this particular species. The present study corresponds to an anatomical descriptive study of the pelvic limb of a female Pudú. Musculature and its main relationships with blood vessels and nerves were described from proximal to distal, dividing the pelvic limb into four topographic regions: pelvic waist, femoral, crural and foot. In addition, a morphometric study of each topographic region and each muscle was performed as complementary analysis. The results were compared to domestic ruminants, in relation to those described in the classic anatomical bibliography, observing that the analyzed specimen has anatomical characteristics similar to that described for small ruminants, however, several important differences were observed and should be taken into consideration: the M. tensor fascia latae presents two overlapping portions; the M. soleus is more developed; the vasculature of the femoral nerve is observed through the cranial portion of the M. sartorius and M. gracilis is part of the common calcaneus tendon. The information provided in this study corresponds to an anatomical contribution that allows furthering scientific knowledge of this protected and vulnerable species.

Técnica de diafanización para describir el desarrollo embrionario del sistema óseo. Revisión de la literatura / Diaphanization technique for the description of the embryonic development of the skeletal system. Systematic literature review

Introduction: The anatomic diaphanization technique consists in the transparency of soft tissues of vertebrate organisms (clearing), in order to dye the mineralized tissue and visualize bone and cartilage (staining). Objective: To review the reports available on specialized literature that describes the embryonic development of mammal ́s skeletal system through the diaphonization technique and simple staining or double staining processes. Materials and methods: A literature review was made on PubMed, Academic Google and SciELO, based on PRISMA, through the association of the term double staining with the health descriptors of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) alizarin red, alician blue, bone and cartilage , and the combination of the Boolean operators + and &. Results: There were included 22 articles that described the diaphanization technique and the simple staining or double staining technique used in the observation, registration and analysis of the embryonic development of mammal ́s skeletal system. Conclusion: The diaphanization technique and simple staining or double staining technique is an anatomic study technique­versatile and of low cost­of the embryonic development of mammal ́s skeletal system, which may be used in toxicology studies, discarding the possibility of developmental anomalies during the cartilage or bone formation (chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, respectively) associated to the exposure to a possible teratogenic agent.

Avaliação anatômica comparativa dos acessos transcorioideo e transforniceal transcorioideo ao terceiro ventrículo / Comparative anatomical assessment of transchoroidal approach and transforniceal transchoroidal approach to the third ventricle

O acesso ao terceiro ventrículo constitui verdadeiro desafio ao neurocirurgião. Nesse contexto, estudos anatômicos e morfométricos são úteis para estabelecer as limitações e as vantagens de determinado acesso cirúrgico. O acesso transcorioideo é versátil e promove exposição adequada da região média e posterior do terceiro ventrículo. Entretanto, a coluna do fórnice limita a exposição da região anterior do terceiro ventrículo. Há evidências de que a secção ipsilateral da coluna do fórnice tenha pouca repercussão na função cognitiva. Esta tese compara a exposição anatômica proporcionada pelo acesso transforniceal transcorioideo com o do acesso transcorioideo e realiza avaliação morfométrica de estruturas relevantes e comuns aos dois acessos. Material e métodos: A exposição anatômica proporcionada pelos acessos transcaloso transcorioideo e transcaloso transforniceal transcorioideo foram comparadas em oito cadáveres não submetidos à conservação, utilizando o sistema de neuronavegação (Artis, Brasília, Brasil), para aferir a área de trabalho, a área de exposição microcirúrgica, a exposição angular no plano longitudinal e transversal de dois alvos anatômicos (túber cinéreo e aqueduto cerebral). Adicionalmente, foram quantificados a espessura do parênquima do lobo frontal direito, a espessura do tronco do corpo caloso, o diâmetro longitudinal do forame interventricular, a distância de trabalho da superfície cortical ao túber cinéreo e a distância de trabalho da superfície cortical até o aqueduto cerebral. Os valores obtidos foram submetidos a análise de estatística utilizando o teste de Wilcoxon. Resultados: Na avaliação quantitativa, o acesso transforniceal transcorioideo proporcionou maior área de trabalho (transforniceal transcorioideo = 150,299 +/- 11,147 mm2; transcorioideo = 121,421 +/- 7,698 mm2; p < 0,05), maior área de exposição microcirúrgica (transforniceal transcorioideo = 100,920 +/- 8,764 mm2; transcorioideo = 79,944 +/- 4,954 mm2; p <...

Approaches to the third ventricle constitute a formidable challenge to the neurosurgeon and, in this context, anatomical and morphometric studies are useful to establish the limitations and advantages of certain surgical approaches. The transchoroidal approach is a versatile one that promotes adequate exposure of the middle and posterior regions of the third ventricle. However, the column of fornix limits the exposure of the anterior third ventricle region. There is evidence that the ipsilateral section of the column of fornix has little effect on the cognitive function. This thesis compares the anatomical exposure using the transchoroidal transforniceal technique with the transchoroidal approach, and performs morphometric assessment of relevant structures common to both approaches. Material and methods: The anatomical exposure achieved through the transchoroidal transcallosal approach and transchoroidal transforniceal transcallosal were compared in 8 fresh cadavers using the neuronavigation system (Artis, Brasilia, Brazil), to assess the working area, microsurgical exposure area, to quantify the angular exposure in the longitudinal and cross-sectional planes to two anatomical targets (tuber cinereum and cerebral aqueduct), to measure the thickness of the right frontal lobe parenchyma, corpus callosum body thickness, longitudinal diameter of the interventricular foramen, working distance from the cortical surface to the tuber cinereum and working distance from the cortical surface to the cerebral aqueduct. The values obtained were submitted to statistical analysis using Wilcoxon's test. Results: In the quantitative assessment, the transchoroidal transforniceal approach provided: larger working area (transchoroidal transforniceal = 150.299 +/- 11.147 mm2; transchoroidal = 121.421 +/- 7.698 mm2; p < 0.05), larger area of microsurgical exposure (transforniceal transchoroidal = 100.920 +/- 8.764 mm2; transchoroidal...

Aristóteles: pionero en el estudio de la anatomía comparada / Aristotle: pioneer in the study of comparative anatomy

Aristóteles (384-322 a. n. e.); filosofo prodigioso, de amplios conocimientos, investigador incansable y enciclopédico, con sentido crítico y didáctico, resumió y abarco la sabiduría antigua, enriqueciéndola con sus valiosas observaciones, experiencias y descubrimientos, fundador de numerosos campos del saber universal entre ellos; el estudio de la Lógica, la Historia natural, la biología, la anatomía comparada, la zoología, la embriología, y la botánica.

Aristotle (384-322 b. c. e.), prodigious philosopher who possessed extensive encyclopedic knowledge, a tireless researcher with critical and didactic sense, summarized and spanned ancient wisdom, enriching it with his valuable observations, comments, and discoveries. He was the founder of numerous areas of universal knowledge, which included the study of logic, natural history, biology, comparative anatomy, zoology, embryology, and botany.

Esqueleto axial y apendicular de vertebrado / Axial and appendicular skeleton of vertebrates

Los primeros componentes de las vértebras fueron los arcos dorsales (neural e interneural) y ventrales (hemal e interhemal) que se apoyaban en la notocorda; el siguiente paso fue la formación de dos centros (intercentro y pleurocentro), que sirvieron para fijar y dar soporte a los arcos. Muchos peces presentan costillas dorsales y ventrales. En las aves se reducen las costillas cervicales y se fusionan a las vértebras, las primeras costillas torácicas son flotantes y la mayoría de las verdaderas presentan procesos que permiten la fijación muscular y refuerzan las paredes torácicas. Los mamíferos presentan costillas en todas las vértebras torácicas, siendo la mayoría verdaderas. El esternón es una estructura de origen endocondral, los peces, tortugas, serpientes y muchos lagartos apodos, carecen de esternón. Las aves voladoras tienen un gran esternón provisto de una prominente quilla ventral. Desarrollo del esqueleto axial: La notocorda y la parte ventral del tubo neural expresan Sonic hedgehog (SHH), que induce a la porción ventromedial del somita a transformarse en esclerotomo y a expresar el factor de transcripción PAX-1, que controla la formación de cartílago y hueso para que se constituyan las vértebras. El patrón de expresión de los genes Hox en vertebrados, es quien determina cuál es el tipo de estructura vertebral que se tiene que formar. El esqueleto apendicular comprende la cintura pectoral formada por elementos esqueléticos dérmicos y endocondrales, que sostiene la aleta pectoral y la cintura pélvica o caderas, formada sólo por elementos endocondrales, que sostienen la aleta pelviana. Los miembros anteriores y posteriores de los tetrápodos están construidos bajo el mismo patrón, diferenciándose tres regiones: autopodio, zeugopodio y estilopodio. Desarrollo del esqueleto apendicular: Se forma desde el mesodermo lateral somático y la cresta apical ectodérmica...

The first components of the dorsal vertebrae, were arches (neural and interneural) and ventral (haemal and interhemal) that relied on the notochord, the next step was the formation of two centers (intercentro and pleurocentro), which served to fix and support the arches. Many fish have dorsal and ventral ribs. In birds cervical ribs are reduced and vertebrae are fused, the first thoracic ribs are floating and the majority present processes allowing muscle fixation and reinforce the chest wall. Mammals have ribs on all thoracic vertebrae, the majority are true. The sternum is a structure of endochondral origin, fish, turtles, snakes and lizards have no sternum. Airborne fowl are provided with a large sternum prominent ventral keel. Development of the axial skeleton: The notochord and ventral neural tube express Sonic hedgehog (SHH) that induces the ventromedial portion of somite to become sclerotome and express the transcription factor Pax-1, which controls the formation of cartilage and bone that constitute the vertebrae. The expression pattern of Hox genes in vertebrates is what determines which type of vertebral structure is to be formed. The appendicular skeleton comprises the pectoral girdle consists of dermal and endochondral skeletal elements, holding the pectoral fin and pelvic girdle, consisting only endochondral elements that sustain pelvic fin. The forelimbs and hindlimbs of tetrapods are built on the same pattern, differing in three regions: autopod, zeugopod and stylopod. Appendicular skeletal development: Is formed from somatic lateral mesoderm and the apical ectodermal ridge...

Morfologia e biometria do timo em araras dos gêneros Ara e Anodorhynchus / Morphology and biometry of the thymus gland in macaw of Ara and Anodorhynchus genera

Foram utilizados 12 exemplares de Ara ararauna - seis fêmeas e seis machos -, cinco exemplares de Ara chloropterus (uma fêmea e quatro machos) e dois exemplares de Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus - uma fêmea e um macho -, todos adultos, doados por criadouro particular, após óbito natural. Os lobos foram dissecados e medidos com paquímetro - comprimento x largura x espessura - e analisados quanto ao peso, à topografia e à morfologia individual. Independentemente do gênero, foram identificados, em 17 casos (89,5%), lobos tímicos nos antímeros cervicais esquerdo e direito, e em oito casos (42,1%), lobos na cavidade celomática. Os lobos apresentaram formatos alongados - 52,6% -, arredondados - 21,1% - ou ovalados - 15,8% -, posicionados preferencialmente ventromedialmente ao longo do plexo vasculoneural do pescoço, com número médio de cinco lobos por antímero, tamanho médio de 0,49cm de comprimento, 0,12cm de largura e 0,05cm de espessura e peso médio de 0,076g.

Twelve samples of Ara ararauna - six females and six males -, five samples of Ara chloropterus (one female and four males) and two samples of Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (one female and one male), all adults from a Breeding Park, were used after natural death. The lobes were dissected and measured with electronic calliper (length x width x thickness) and analyzed taking their weight, topography and individual morphology into account. Regardless of gender, 89.5% of the cases presented timic lobes in the left and right cervical antimere, and 42.1% of the cases presented lobes in the celomatic cavity. The lobes were shown in shapes - long (52.6%), round (21.1%) or oval (15.8%), positioned mostly ventromedially, along the neurovascular plexus of the neck, with an average of five lobes per antimere, and an average size of 0.49cm length, 0.12cm width, and 0.05cm thick and average weight of 0.076g.

Comparison between human and rat TMJ: anatomic and histopathologic features / Comparação entre a ATM humana e de ratos: achados anatômicos e histopatológicos

PURPOSE: To describe and evaluate normal rat temporomandibular joints from anatomic and histopathologic point of view and make a comparison between this joint in rats and humans. METHODS: Twelve male adult Wistar rats (12 same side joints) were used in this procedure. The following anatomical structures were histologically evaluated in a qualitative fashion: condyle, disc, temporal bone, retrodiscal tissue and synovia. The macroscopical and microscopic study of the human TMJ was based on the current literature. RESULTS: The TMJ is surrounded by a thin capsule, consisting of fibrous tissue, and a synovial lining. The mandibular angle has a prominent shape. The glenoid fossa is flat, with no eminences. Histologically, the TMJ is composed of different tissues that comprise the mandibular head, mandibular fossa and fibrocartilaginous disc. A layer of hyaline cartilage covers the articulating cortical condyle and temporal bone. CONCLUSION:Morphologically and histologically, the articular structure of rats is, on the whole, similar to that of humans. In these animals there is no articular eminence.

OBJETIVO: Descrever e avaliar a articulação temporomandibular de ratos sob o aspecto anatômico e histológico e realizar uma comparação entre esta articulação e a de humanos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados doze ratos adultos Wistar (12 articulações do mesmo lado). As seguintes estruturas anatômicas foram avaliadas de forma qualitativa: côndilo, disco, osso temporal, tecido retrodiscal e sinóvia. O estudo macroscópico e o microscópico da ATM humana foram baseados na literatura atual. RESULTADOS: A ATM é envolvida por uma fina cápsula, formada por tecido fibroso e cobertura sinovial. O ângulo mandibular é proeminente. A fossa glenoide é rasa, sem eminência articular. De acordo com os achados histológicos, a ATM é composta por diferentes tecidos, são eles a cabeça da mandíbula, a fossa mandibular e o disco fibrocartilaginoso. Uma camada de cartilagem hialina recobre a superfície articular do côndilo e do osso temporal. CONCLUSÃO: De acordo com os achados morfométricos e histológicos, a estrutura articular em ratos é, no geral, similar a articulação humana. Exceto que nesses animais não há eminência articular.

A new statistical method for comparative anatomy / Nuevo método estadístico para anatomía comparada

Rules, formulas and statistical tests have been widely used in studies that use continuous variables in the normal or Gaussian distribution or other tests whose data fit this type of distribution (t and z distributions) and whose parameters can be defined. However, there are cases in which the model and goal of the scientific work allow only the use of discrete or nominal variables. The absence or presence of a structure or organ (muscles, nerves, blood vessels, bones, and ligaments), characteristics associated with these organs, such as the source of nerves, vessels and muscles and the distribution of nerves and vessels are discrete and / or nominal variables that do not fit the Gaussian distribution, nor of z or t, unless the measures of these structures are taken. A simple comparative method within the non-parametric distribution has been proposed, (1) between two different samples from the same species and (2) for two different species, based on the concepts of normal and variation in anatomy and on modal class in statistics here called Comparative Anatomy Index (IAC). The main findings on the use of this method are: (1) to allow the relationship between data from discrete or nominal variables in comparative anatomy or in other areas of morphology, (2) to generate an objective method (numerical) of comparison between samples of structures from the same species and between different species and (3) to fill the lack of a specific method for the statistical work in comparative anatomy or in morphology, in general.

Normas, fórmulas y pruebas estadísticas han sido ampliamente utilizadas en estudios que utilizan las variables continuas en el desarrollo de la distribución normal o de Gauss, u otras pruebas, cuyos datos se ajustan a esta tipo de distribución (t y z distribuciones), y cuyos parámetros pueden ser definidos. Sin embargo, hay casos en que el modelo y el objetivo de los trabajos científicos sólo permiten la uso de variables nominales o discretas. La ausencia o presencia de un estructura u órgano (músculos, nervios, vasos sanguíneos, huesos y ligamentos), las características asociadas a estos órganos, como la fuente de los nervios, los músculos y los buques y la distribución de los nervios y los buques son discretos y / o variables nominales que no encajan en el curva de Gauss, ni de z o t, a menos que las medidas de estos estructuras se toman. Un simple método comparativo dentro de la no-paramétrico de la distribución se ha propuesto, (1) entre dos muestras de la misma especie y (2) de dos especies diferentes, con base en los conceptos de normal y la variación en la anatomía y de la clase modal en estadísticas aquí llamado Índice Anatomíca Comparada (IAC). Los principales conclusiones sobre el uso de este método son: (1) para permitir que la relación entre los datos de las variables nominales o discretos en la anatomía comparada o en otras áreas de la morfología, (2) para generar un método objetivo (numérico), de la comparación entre muestras de las estructuras de la misma especies y entre diferentes especies, (3) para cubrir la falta de un método específico para la labor estadística en la anatomía comparada o en morfología, en general.

Porcine liver: experimental model for the intra-hepatic glissonian approach

PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the porcine liver as a teaching and training model for the glissonian approach. METHODS: Ten livers were removed from domestic adult white pigs weighting 35 to 45kg. Based on anatomical landmarks, the glissonian pedicles of each liver segments were dissected and biopsies were taken for histological examination, to analyze the presence of the glissonian sheath. RESULTS: During microscopic examination, a sheath of conjunctive tissue was observed wrapping each segmental pedicle in porcine liver. This could be clearly seen when histological preparation for connective tissue was obtained (Masson technique). CONCLUSION: The morphological arrangement of glissonian pedicles in porcine liver makes this model a useful tool for training the intra-hepatic glissonian approach.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a utilização do fígado suíno como um modelo experimental para o ensino e treinamento da técnica glissoniana intra-hepática nas ressecções do fígado. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 10 fígados inteiros de porcos adultos brancos, pesando entre 35-45 kg. Os pedículos glissonianos de vários segmentos foram dissecados e ressecados para a realização de estudos histológicos e verificação da presença da bainha conjuntiva ao longo das tríades portais. RESULTADOS: Na microscopia, uma bainha de tecido conjuntivo foi encontrada envolvendo os pedículos glissonianos no fígado suíno. A utilização de preparações específicas para o tecido conjuntivo (Masson) ressaltou a presença dessa bainha em cada pedículo. CONCLUSÃO: As características morfológicas dos pedículos glissonianos suínos, fazem desse modelo experimental um método de treinamento da técnica glissoniana intra-hepática.

Comparação anatômica entre o retalho perfurante ântero-lateral da coxa e os retalhos cutâneos paraescapular e lateral do braço / Anatomical comparison of the anterolateral thigh perforator flap and the parascapular and lateral arm skin flaps

A descrição de retalhos cutâneos pediculados em ramos perfurantes musculares é recente. O retalho ântero-lateral da coxa é vascularizado por vasos perfurantes musculares do ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa femoral lateral. Trata-se de retalho de pouca espessura, pedículo vascular longo e calibroso e baixa morbidade de área doadora. Entretanto, a dissecção do trajeto intramuscular de seu pedículo é tecnicamente difícil. Sua indicação é por vezes questionada por tratar-se de retalho de características semelhantes a outros vascularizados por artérias cutâneas diretas ou septocutâneas. Estes têm menor variação anatômica e dissecção mais simples. O presente estudo avaliou as características anatômicas do retalho ântero-lateral da coxa, através de dissecção em cadáveres frescos, comparando-as com as do retalho paraescapular e lateral do braço. Foram dissecados 60 retalhos (20 retalhos ântero-laterais da coxa, 20 paraescapulares e 20 retalhos laterais do braço) em 20 cadáveres frescos, não formolizados, com menos de 24 horas após o óbito. Todos os retalhos tiveram os seguintes parâmetros avaliados: comprimento do pedículo vascular, espessura do retalho, diâmetro do pedículo vascular arterial e venoso. Além disso, foi avaliada a presença de trajeto intramuscular do pedículo vascular (apenas nas dissecções do retalho ântero-lateral da coxa). A análise comparativa evidenciou que o pedículo vascular do retalho ântero-lateral da coxa é mais longo quando comparado aos dos retalhos paraescapular e lateral do braço (p<0,001). O retalho cutâneo lateral do braço apresenta a menor espessura (p<0,001) e o menor diâmetro arterial e venoso do pedículo vascular (p<0,001). Constatou-se a presença de trajeto intramuscular do pedículo do retalho ântero-lateral da coxa em 17 (85%) casos. O comprimento médio do segmento intramuscular do principal ramo perfurante foi de 4,13+2,02 cm...

The description of the skin flaps based on perforator vessels is recent. The vascularization of the anterolateral thigh flap is based on perforator vessels coming from the lateral circumflex femoral artery. It has a thin skin paddle, a long and large vascular pedicle and low donor site morbidity. However, the dissection of the intramuscular path of its pedicle is technically difficult. Its indication is sometimes questionable since it is a flap with characteristics similar to others based on direct cutaneous or septocutaneous vessels, which have less anatomical variations and are easier to dissect. This study evaluated the anatomical characteristics of the anterolateral thigh perforator flap through the dissection of fresh cadavers, comparing them with those of the parascapular and lateral arm skin flap. Sixty flaps were dissected (20 anterolateral thigh, 20 parascapular and 20 lateral arm flaps) in 20 fresh cadavers, not perfused with formaldehyde, less than 24 hours after death. The following aspects were evaluated in all the flaps: length of the vascular pedicle, thickness of the flap and diameter of the arterial and venous vascular pedicle. Additionally, the presence of the intramuscular path of the vascular pedicle was evaluated (only in the dissections of the anterolateral thigh flap). The comparative analysis showed that the vascular pedicle of the anterolateral thigh perforator flap is longer when compared to those of the parascapular and lateral arm flaps (p<0,001). The lateral arm flap presented a pedicle with smaller arterial and venous diameter (p<0,001), in addition to being the thinner flap (p<0,001). It was verified that the vascular pedicle of the anterolateral thigh flap presented an intramuscular path in 17 (85%) cases. The average length of the intramuscular segment of the main perforator vessel was 4,13+2,02 cm. The data was compared and evaluated with variance analysis...